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Frisian lessons

Frisian adjectives  it stikkene rút - the broken window it moaie boek - the beautiful book de lege doaze - the empty box in wyt lekken - a white sheet geographical adjectives: Frânske wyn - French wine material adjectives: in sulveren earmbân - a silver bracelet in betonnen flier - a concrete floor adjectives in a sentence: Ik bin bliid - I am glad. Do koest wol wurch wêze - You seem to be tired. De man siet dronken yn in hoekje - The man was sitting drunk in a corner.  comment >    2012 MAY-25 10:38 (by Dita)

Frisian adverbs  adverbs of time: wannear - when juster - yesterday hjoed - today moarns - in the morning jierliks - annually adverbs of place/location or direction: hjir - here dêr - there wêr - where oeral - everywhere efteroan - on/at the back linksôf - to the left adverbs of quality or manner: hoe - how sa - so adverbs of degree: tige, bjuster, slim, bot - very, quite adverbs of possibility or negation: dochs - yet, still faaks - perhaps mooglik - possibly nea, noait - never net - not yndied - in fact, really, actually  comment >    2012 MAY-26 00:14 (by Dita)

Frisian cardinal numbers  0 nul 1 ien 2 twa 3 trije 4 fjouwer 5 fiif 6 seis 7 sân 8 acht 9 njoggen 10 tsien 11 alve 12 tolve 13 trettsjin 14 fjirtsjin 15 fyftsjin 16 sechtsjin 17 santsjin 18 achttsjin 19 njoggentsjin 20 tweintich 21 ienentweintich 22 twaentweintich ... 30 tritich 40 fjirtich 50 fyftich 60 sechstich 70 santich 80 tachtich 90 njoggentich 100 hûndert 200 twahûndert 300 trijehûndert ... 1000 tûzen 2000 twatûzen 3000 trijetûzen ... 100 000 hûndert tûzen 1 000 000 ien miljoen 1 000 000 000 ien miljard  comment >    2012 MAY-25 23:17 (by Dita)

Frisian comparison  [positive degree] lyts – small [positive degree -er comparative] lytser – smaller [positive degree -st superlative] lytst – smallest it grutst - the biggest it moaist - the most beautiful 1) when the positive degree ends in -r the comparative inserts a d: raar – strange raarder – stranger raarst - strangest 2) sometimes for adjectives ending in –l or –n: tinner / tinder - thinner gieler / gielder - more yellow 3) when the positive degree ends in –s, this is dropped in the superlative: wiis – wise wizer – wiser wiist - wisest 4) when the positive degree ends in –st or –sk, [superlative meast positive degree] fêst – fast fêster – faster meast fêst ( most fast) - fastest farsk – fresh farsker – more fresh meast farsk ( most fresh) - freshest 5) irregular forms: folle – much mear – more meast - most goed – good better - '' bêst - best  comment >    2012 MAY-25 22:57 (by Dita)

Frisian compound words and linking letters  when we join 2 existing words together, we create a compound word: moanne ljocht - moanneljocht - moonlight garaazje doar - garaazjedoar - garage door roei boat - roeiboat - rowing boat the two halves of this new word are often joined together by a linking letter, most frequently –e- or –s- 1) linking with –e-: is frequent when the first part of the compound is a word with a plural in –en: parrebeam - pear tree hûnehok - dog kennel hearehûs - mansion, town house boekeplanke - bookshelf also with bern and skiep: bernespul - children's game skieppetsiis - sheep’s cheese 2) linking with –s-: other words with a plural in –en, however, may behave differently: folksliet - national hymn doarpsplein - village square doarpsskoalle - village school 3) linking with –ers-: iterstiid - dinner time (eater's time) itensiedersboek - cookery book (food cooker's book) boartersguod - toys 4) no linking letter: wurdboek - dictionary boadskiptas - shopping bag stedfrysk - urban Frisian briefpapier / brievepapier - letter paper keallefleis - veal flesh  comment >    2012 MAY-25 10:20 (by Dita)

Frisian coordinating conjunctions  en - and apels en parren - apples and pears hy lêst en hy skriuwt - he reads and he writes of - or apels of parren - apples or pears mar - but gjin apels mar parren - not apples but pears hy lêst mar hy skriuwt net - he reads but he does not write want - for, because ik gean net fuort, want it reint - I am not leaving, because it is raining noch - nor it is fleis noch fisk - it is neither (flesh ) meat nor fish dat - so it wie moai waar, dat wy gongen te fytsen - it was nice weather, so we went cycling sawol ... as - both ... and hy kocht sawol apels as parren - he bought both apples and pears net allinnich ... mar ek - not only ... but also hy kocht net allinnich apels, mar ek parren - he bought not only apples, but also pears noch ... noch ... - neither ... nor ... hy kocht noch apels noch parren - he bought neither apples nor pears òf ... òf ... - either ... or èn ... èn ... - both ... and  comment >    2012 MAY-26 00:50 (by Dita)

Frisian definite articles for words : it, de  nouns may be preceded by the definite articles: it, de it boadskip - the message it festjebûse - the waistcoat pocket it keatling - the chain it laad - the drawer it rút - the window it skaad - the shade, shadow it plak - the place, location it hôf - the orchard it slaad - the salad it sop - the soup following parts of the body: it sliep - the temple it wang - the cheek it kin - the chin it boarst - the breast it spien - the nipple, teat it skouder - the shoulder it bil - the buttock, thigh it kût - the calf it ankel - the ankle  comment >    2012 MAY-25 09:57 (by Dita)

Frisian diminutives for nouns  object nouns can form diminutives with 3 endings: -ke, -tsje and –je beam - tree - beamke - little tree auto - car - autoke - little car bledsje - little leaf 1) ending in –ke: when the word ends in a vowel or diphthong: do – pigeon –> doke - little pigeon strie – straw - strieke – little straw when the word ends in m, p, f/ve, s/ze, r: fear - feather - fearke – little feather kaam – comb - kamke – little comb doaze – box - doaske - little box 2) ending in –tsje: When the word ends in l, n, d, t: bern – child - berntsje - little child in words in -d or –t the t is dropped due to the spelling rules: bêd – bed - bed(t)sje – little bed 3) ending in –je: when the word ends in k, ng of ch/ge: dak – roof - dakje - little roof seage – saw - seachje – little saw in words in –ng the ng changes into nk: ding – thing - dinkje – little thing 4) specific rules in Frisian many nouns end in –e (schwa) which disappears in diminutives: flesse – bottle - fleske - little bottle tonge – tongue - tonkje - little tongue words in –ge, -ve, –ze then change these into ch, f, s: hage – hedge - haachje - little hedge hazze – hare - haske - little hare there may be breaking or shortening: stoel – chair - stuoltsje - little chair liif – body - lyfke - little body recently borrowed words from Dutch ending in a vowel or r often take the ending -tsje instead of –ke: fotoke - fotootsje - little photo autoke - autootsje - little car sigaarke - sigaartsje - little cigar  comment >    2012 MAY-25 09:44 (by Dita)

Frisian greetings  How are you? - Hoe giet it mei dy? What's your name? - Hoe hjisto? Good morning - Goeie moarn Good afternoon - Goeie middei Good evening/night - Goeie jûn Sorry - Nim my net kwea  comment >    2013 JAN-05 20:49 (by Rianna)

Frisian indefinite numerals  folle cannot be used on its own, only in combination: safolle - so much / many hoefolle - how much / many tefolle - too much / many net folle - not much / many little / few - in bytsje too little, too few - te min alle - all ferskate - several gâns - quite a lot genôch - enough, sufficient inkelde, sommige, guon - some lêste - last  comment >    2012 MAY-25 23:36 (by Dita)

Frisian interrogative pronouns  Wa is dat? - Who is that?’ Wa syn fiets is dat? - Whose bicycle is that? Wat kostet dat? - What does this cost? Wat in waar! - What a bad weather! Wat foar drinken wolst? - What kind of drink do you want? Hokker oefeningen moatst noch dwaan? - Which exercises must you do? - Hokfoar? Hoe’n jas moat it wurde? How coat/jacket is going to be?  comment >    2012 MAY-25 23:52 (by Dita)

Frisian irregular plurals  âlder - âlden / âlders - parent(s) bean - beane / beanen - bean(s) beppe - beppes / beppen - grandma(s) bern - bern - child / children boei - boeiens - handcuff(s) dei - dagen - day(s) earm - earms / earmen - arm(s) eart - earte / earten - pea(s) frou - froulju - woman / women god - goaden - god(s) hûndert - hûnderten - hundred(s) jonge - jonges - boy(s) ko - kij - cow(s) kristen - kristenen - Christian(s) lears - learzens - boot(s) lid (of a club) - leden - member(s) lid - lea - part(s) of body man - manlju - man / men neil - neils / neilen - nail(s) pake - pakes / paken - grandpa(s) reed - redens - skate(s) skiep - skiep - sheep skoech - skuon - shoe(s) trep - treppens - stair(s) tûzen - tûzenen - thousand(s) wei - wegen - way(s) wolk - wolkens - cloud(s)  comment >    2012 MAY-26 02:03 (by Dita)

Frisian nouns  nouns are words for human beings, animals, plants, vegetable, fruits, objects, ideas: bakker - baker fytser - cyclist hûn - dog ierdbei - strawberry material nouns, for materials or substances: wetter - water tee - tea sâlt - salt katoen - cotton grûn - ground, soil abstract nouns: frijheid - freedom wierheid - truth kjeld - cold sykte - sickness, illness, disease concrete nouns: (names of objects can form plurals and diminutives) beam - tree pinne - pen proper names for humans, animals, places, countries, cities... Amsterdam  comment >    2012 MAY-25 09:03 (by Dita)

Frisian ordinal numbers  1) earste 2) twadde 3) tredde 4) fjirde 5) fiifde, fyfte 6) seisde, sechsde, sechste 7) sânde 8) achtste 9) njoggende 10) tsiende  comment >    2012 MAY-25 23:11 (by Dita)

Frisian prepositions and postpositions  yn - in yn dy muorre - in this wall sy rûn de tún yn - she walked into the garden op - on op dy muorre - on that wall op 'e strjitte - on/in the street ûnder de tafel - under the table fan - of fan dit doarp - of this village wy hâlde fan dit doarp - we love this village mei - with sûnder - without sy kuieren it doarp troch - they walked through the village oant moarn - till tomorrow, farewell (see you tomorrow)  comment >    2012 MAY-26 00:06 (by Dita)

Frisian regular plural for nouns  normal plural endings are –s or –en 1) nouns with a plural in –s: words ending in –el, -er(t), -en, -em: tafel(s) - table(s) lekken(s) – sheet(s) biezem(s) - broom(s) amer(s) - bucket(s), pail(s) all diminutives: taffeltsje(s) - little table(s) omke(s) - uncle(s) most foreign loans ending in a vowel: piano 2) nouns with a plural in –en: all other words: bolle(n) – bull(s) tún / tunen - garden(s) skip(pen) – ship(s) papier(en) – paper(s) plurals often have breaking or shortening: kaam / kammen - comb(s) kies / kiezzen - molar(s)  comment >    2012 MAY-25 09:19 (by Dita)